German Egyptologist; he was born in Rostock, 1 September 1885; he studied Egyptian and Coptic under Erman and Steindorff at the University of Berlin, 1906-12, after having had his interest in Egypt aroused at the age of 17 by reading Steindorff's Blutezeit; PhD, 1912; he was made Hon. Professor in Berlin University, 1928; Professor of Egyptology, 1938-45 when he was dismissed for supporting the Nazi government; Dean of the Philosophical Faculty, 1940-45; Rector of the University of Berlin, 1943-45; he later founded the Institut für Orienforschung in the Berlin Academy of which he was director, 1956-62; Dr. Med. hon. c. Rostock University for his work on ancient Egyptian medicine and medical texts, 1955; Member of the Prussian Academy, 1938; Vice-Pres of the Academy of Arts and Sciences and Acting Pres 1943-5; Guest Professor at Cairo, 1960-1; it is as collaborator with Erman from 1907 in his great work on the Wörterbuch that Grapow is chiefly remembered, but he also wrote and helped to produce many other important works; for the dictionary he assisted in the preliminary task of gathering together the great mass of data, and played a major part in the sorting and arranging of the 1.5 million Zettel used in its production; he was responsible for the regular appearance of all the 11 subsequent vols., a truly gigantic editorial achievement; Grapow's other major interest was the study of medical texts, and with the help of two other writers he brought out no less than six vols. which were of fundamental importance, between 1954 and 1959; his bibl. published on his seventieth birthday lists 87 books and articles; among his principal works are Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, with A. Erman, 6 vols. 1931-55, and 5 of Belegstellen, 1935-55; Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter, I-III and V, 1954-8, IV with H. v. Deines and Westendorf, 1958, VI Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Drogennamen, with H. v. Deines, 1959; on his seventieth birthday a Festschrift was published by his friends with 40 articles by collegues; he died in Berlin, 24 August 1967.

Egyptian Egyptologist; he was born in Salamun near Mansura, 18 April 1906, son of Habachi Ibrahim, a merchant, and his wife Mauna; he was educated at the Coptic School in Mansura and later at the Maronite School in Cairo; in 1924 he began the study of mathematics at Fuad I (later Cairo) University but transferred in 1925 to the Egyptology Section, BA, 1928; in 1930 he was appointed as an inspector in the Egyptian Antiquities Service; he held posts throughout the country at Aswan, 1930-2, Luxor, Cairo, Edfu, Fayum, Abydos, Sohag, Zagazig and Tanta; in 1944 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt until 1946, was at Saqqara, 1950-1, and was reassigned to Upper Egypt, 1951-58; in 1958 he was promoted to sub-director of field work which post he held until his resignation from the Service in August 1960; he was then appointed archaeological consultant of the Nubian expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, December 1960-63; Labib Habachi was the leading Egyptian archaeologist of his generation and undertook excavations throughout Egypt notably at the Heqaib complex at Aswan, at Karnak where he discovered the Kamose stela, and at Bubastis and Qantir in the Delta; he travelled abroad extensively to visit collections in other museums and to deliver lectures which served to popularize Egyptology; he was chosen a member of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin 1953, a member of the Institut d'Égypte in 1964, an honorary member of the Egyptological Institute of Charles University, Prague in 1965, and of the Société Française d'Égyptologie in 1983; he was awarded the State Prize of Egypt and the decoration First Class for Arts and Sciences in 1959, the Italian Order of Merit in 1973, the French Légion d'honneur 1979, and the Austrian Order of Merit 1980; on 1 May 1966 the honorary degree of doctor was conferred upon him by New York University; he was elected permanent Honorary President of the International Association for Coptic Studies, 1978; he married in 1961 Attiya Hanim Kamil Ayad (d. 1987); on his 75th birthday a Festschrift with articles by 70 Egyptologists was prepared in MDAIK 37; he himself wrote over 170 articles, books, and notes on Egyptological subjects; the most notable were Tell Basta, 1957; Features of the Deification of Ramesses II, 1969; The Second Kamose Stela and his Struggle against the Hyksos Ruler and his Capital, 1972; The Obelisks of Egypt, 1977; Tavole d'Offerta, Are e Bacili da Libagione, 1977; Le Tombeau de Nay à Gournet Murei (with P. Anus), 1977; Sixteen Studies on Lower Nubia, 1981; Untersuchungen im Totentempel Amenophis' III, with H. Ricke and G. Haeny, 1981; and Elephantine IV. The Sanctuary of Heqaib, 1985; Studies on the Middle Kingdom. Studia Aegyptiaca X, 1987; he died in Cairo, 18 February 1984 and was buried at Deir el-Moharreb near Luxor.

Claude Traunecker (b. November 14, 1943, in Mulhouse, France) began his professional life as a chemical technician, working for a decade in the textile chemistry industry while nurturing a passion for ancient Egypt sparked during his childhood. Traunecker transitioned to academic Egyptology through the mentorship initially of Jean Leclant, then director of the Egyptology Institute at the University of Strasbourg, and later that of Philippe Derchain, Leclant’s successor. In 1968, having participated in the Belgian excavations at Elkab the previous year, Traunecker was offered the position of on-site chemist at the newly founded Centre Franco-Égyptien d’Étude des Temples de Karnak (CFEETK) by its co-director Serge Sauneron. Traunecker spent 16 years at the Centre, during which time he prepared his doctorate in Egyptology at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (defended in 1980), under the guidance of Jean Yoyotte. In 1984 Traunecker became a research officer at the CNRS and left the Karnak Centre. Traunecker then held teaching positions at the École du Louvre and the University of Louvain, before taking up the Chair of Egyptology at University of Strasbourg in 1997, which he held until his retirement in 2007.

British Egyptologist and orientalist; he was born at Bodmin, 27 July 1857, son of Mary Ann B. possibly by a Mr. Vyvyan, and became interested in Egyptian and oriental history at an early age, often visiting the British Museum as a boy; at fifteen he studied in his spare time while employed by W. H. Smith & Son, 1870-8, and was at this time encouraged and helped by Gladstone who took a personal interest in him, and Birch who taught him Egyptian and allowed him the use of the library in the Oriental Department of the British Museum; he later studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, 1879-82; Assyrian Scholar, Hebrew Prizeman, Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholar; BA 1882; MA 1885; LittD; DLitt; DLit; FSA; assistant Keeper 1883-92, acting Keeper from 27 January 1892, Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 1894-1924; Corr. Member of the Academy of Science, Lisbon; Member of the American Historical Society; Knight, 1920; married 1883, Dora Helen (d. 1926), daughter of the Reverend Titus Emerson; Budge went to Egypt, the Sudan, and Mesopotamia many times to obtain antiquities for the British Museum; he excavated at Aswan in Egypt; at Gebel Barkal, the Island of Meroe, Semna, and other sites in Nubia and the Sudan; and at Nineveh and Der in Iraq; Order of the Star of Ethiopia, 3rd class; Dongola medals, 1898; he had great success in his dealings with the local inhabitants and in overcoming official obstruction, and obtained for the British Museum many thousands of cuneiform tablets and other Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities, as well as Egyptian sculptures, papyri, and other objects; he also procured large numbers of Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, and other oriental MSS, plus many important Greek papyri; his output of published works is the largest of any single orientalist; he edited texts in Cuneiform, Hieroglyphic, Coptic, Syriac, and Ethiopic; he produced many official publications of papyri and monuments, and a great number of popular or semi-popular works in all these fields; in his text editions, Budge was too prolific for careful work, and many of them are inaccurate by modern standards; he persisted in the use of an old system of transcription, and did not utilize many of the grammatical discoveries of the Berlin School; nevertheless without his phenomenal energy and devotion, many hieratic, Coptic, and other texts of fundamental importance would not have become known and been made available until a very much later date; his general works have been of value to students and helped to arouse much popular interest; the following is a list of some of his major Egyptological books: Coptic History of Isaac of Tiphre, 1884; Notes on the Egyptian Stelae, 1884; Dwellers on the Nile, 1885; The Sarcophagus of Ankhnesmineferab, 1885; The Book of the Bee, 1886; Coptic History of Elijah the Tishbite, 1886; Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities (Harrow School Museum), 1887; Sepulchral Stele from Akhmîm, 1887; Coptic Martyrdom of George of Cappadocia, 1888; Account of Excavations at Aswân, 1888; On Cuneiform Despatches from Tushratta (Tell el-Amarna Tablets), 1888; The Nile, Notes for Travellers, 1890; Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys, The Litanies of Seker, and The Book of Overthrowing Apepi, 1891; Tell el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum, with C. Bezold, 1892; Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Fitzwilliam Museum, 1893; The Mummy, 1894, St. Michael the Archangel, 1894; Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani), 1895; First Steps in Egyptian, 1895; An Egyptian Reading Book for Beginners, 1896; The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day (Book of the Dead), 1897; The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, 1898; A guide to the First and Second Egyptian Rooms, British Museum, 1898; A Guide to the Third and Fourth Egyptian Rooms, 1905; Facsimiles of the Papyri of Hunefer, Anhai, Kerasher, Nu, Texts etc., 1899; Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life, 1899; Egyptian Magic, 1899; Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, 1899; On the Orientation of the Pyramids in the Sudan, 1899; The Book of the Dead, 1901; A History of Egypt from the end of the Predynastic Period to the death of Cleopatra VII, 8 vols., 1902; The Gods of Egypt, or Studies in Egyptian Mythology, 1903; The Rosetta Stone, and Decree of Canopus, 1904; Cook's Handbook of Egypt and the Sudan, 3rd ed. 1911; Egyptian Books of Heaven and Hell; The Book Am-tuat; The Book of Pylons; Egyptian Texts and Translations, 1905, 1925; The Egyptian Sudan, 2 vols., 1907; The Sarcophagus of Seti I (Soane Museum), 1908; The Book of the Kings of Egypt, 2 vols., 1908; Guide to the Egyptian Galleries in the British Museum (Sculpture), 1909; Texts relating to St. Minas etc., in a Nubian Dialect, 1909; Liturgy of Funeral Offerings, and Book of Opening the Mouth, 1909; Coptic Homilies in the Dialect of Upper Egypt, 1910; Book of the Dead, 1910; Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, 1911; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, 1911; Legends of the Gods, and Annals of Nubian Kings, 1911; Coptic Biblical Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, 1912; The Papyrus of Nesi-ta-nebt-Ashru, 1912; Coptic Apocrypha, 1913; Papyrus of Ani, 1913; Coptic Martyrdoms, 1914; Short History of the Egyptian People, 1914; Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, 1914; Egyptian Wall-painting, 1914; Egyptian Sculptures, 1914; Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, 1915; By Nile and Tigris, 2 vols., 1920; An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, his largest work, 1920; British Museum Monographs, Book of the Dead, 1920; Guide to the 4th, 5th, and 6th Egyptian Rooms, 1922; Egyptian Hieratic Papyri, 2nd Series, 1923; Tutankhamen, 1923; Guide to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Egyptian Rooms, 1924; The Teaching of Amenemapt, 1924; Cleopatra's Needles, 1927; Egyptian Tales and Romances, 1931; Wit and Wisdom of the Christian Fathers of Egypt, 1934; From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, 1934; Budge founded in memory of his wife two Egyptological studentships at Christ's College, Cambridge, and University College, Oxford, and left his library to the former college; he died in London, 23 November 1934 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery in south London.

Belgian Egyptologist; he was born at Brussels, 21 February 1877, son of Alphonse C. and Alida Carbonelle; he was educated at the University of Brussels; he later studied Egyptology under Wiedemann at Bonn; he was appointed assistant Conservator in the Egyptian collections at the Musées Royaux du Cinquantenaire, Brussels, 1900, became Chief Conservator, 1925 and Director; under his regime the organisation of the museum was greatly improved and many important acquisitions made; he visited Egypt frequently and conducted excavations at Elkab, 1927-9, 1945, publishing reports in ASAE; in addition to his scientific works he contributed freely to the popular press and gave many public lectures which did much to stimulate and arouse interest in Egyptology not only in Belgium, but in many other countries he visited, notably England and USA; his speciality was Egyptian art on which subject he wrote many important books; in 1923 he conducted the Queen of the Belgians on a visit to Egypt and visited the Tomb of Tutankhamun while excavations were in progress, this so stimulated her interest that the Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth was established under his direction, 1923; with its fine library it has since become an important centre of research, and under its auspices many important publications have appeared including the journal, Chronique d'Égypte, which Capart managed to continue to publish even during the German occupation of Belgium; he also established Bibl. Aegyptiaca, 1932, and was in addition Professor at the University of Liège until 1929 and a Vice-Pres. of the EES whose Bibl. in JEA he edited for a time in the 1930s; from 1932 he was part-time Honorary Curator of Egyptology in The Brooklyn Museum, and from 1938 until his death Honorary Advisory ,Curator; his principal works were, Recueil de monuments égyptiens, 2 pts. 1902-5; Les débuts de l'art en Égypte, 1904; Primitive Art in Egypt, trans. by A. S. Griffith, 1905; Musées roy. du Cinq., Les antiquités ég. guide descriptif, 1905; Bulletin critique des religions de l'Égypte, 1905-1913; Une rue de tombeaux à Saqqarah, 2 vols 1907; L'art égyptien, 2 vols 1909-1911; Donation d'antiquités égyptiennes aux Musées roy. de Bruxelles, 1911; Abydos: le temple de Séti ler, étude générale, 1912; Les Monuments dits Hycsos, 1914; Un Roman vécu il y a 25 siècles: histoire des relations d'une famille sacerdotale ég. avec les prêtres du Temple de Teuzoi ... par Pétéisis fils d'Essemteu, 1914, Lecons sur I'art égyptien, 1920; Lectures on Egyptian Art, 1923; L'art égyptien: études et histoire, 3 vols. 1924-48; Egyptian Art: Introductory Studies, trans. W. R. Dawson, 1923; The Tomb of Tutankhamen trans. W. R. Dawson, 1923; Thebes: the glory of a great past, with M. Werbrouck, 1926; L'art égyptien, I: L'architecture, 1922; Documents pour servir à l'étude de l'art égyptien, 2 vols. 1927-32; Memphis à l'ombre des pyramides, with M. Werbrouck 4°, 1930; Propos sur l'art égyptienne, 1931; Makit: une histoire de souris au temps des pharaons, 1936; La beauté égyptienne - anthologie, 1942; Tout-ankh-amoun, with others, 1943; Le message de la vieille Égypte, 1944; Fouilles en Égypte. El Kab, 1946; Pour faire aimer l'art égyptien, 1949; he also edited the Wilbour letters 1936; he died in Brussels, 16 June 1947.

British photographer and Quaker, born into a family of grocers in Leeds, England, in March 1873. After his father died and his brother took over the grocery business, Dearden Holmes appears to have moved to London. From c.1924 to 1927, he undertook a world photographic tour, photographing with a stereoscopic camera. Sunbeam Tours published Dearden Holmes' stereoscopic photographs. Photographs were also issued free inside packets of cigarettes, such as the Army Club Cigarettes series "Peeps Into Many Lands". A pair of these cards could be viewed with a Camerscope, which gave depth to the flat photographs so that they appeared three-dimensional. James Dearden Holmes died in Shanklin, Isle of Wight, England, on 24 June 1937.

Example fonds Creator history (ISAD 3.2.2). Note that this will be added to the related authority record for Creator (ISAD 3.2.1).

History of Accumulator

Percy Edward Newberry M.A. O.B.E. was born on 23 April 1869 and died at his home in Godalming, England, on 7 August 1949. He was educated at King’s College School and King’s College, London and later mentored in Egyptology by Reginald Stuart Poole of the British Museum and Francis Llewellyn Griffith. Newberry began his career at the Egypt Exploration Fund and, from 1890 to 1894, headed an expedition to investigate the tombs of Middle Kingdom nomarchs at Beni Hasan and El Bersha. In 1893-4, he published a two-volume monograph Beni Hasan which remains a definitive account of the tombs there. Newberry then operated as a freelance excavator from 1895-1901, undertaking a survey of the Necropolis at Thebes. In 1902 Newberry worked on the Catalogue Général of Egyptian Antiquities at the Cairo Museum.

In 1906 Newberry was appointed Brunner Professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, a position he held until 1919. In 1919 Newberry was appointed O.B.E. In 1923, he served as President of the Anthropological Section of the British Association, and from 1926 to 1927, he was Vice-President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In 1929 Newberry accepted the chair of Ancient Egyptian History and Archaeology at the University of Egypt, Cairo, a post he held until 1933.

Newberry published extensively (see Magee, Diana, 'The Egyptological Bibliography of Percy Edward Newberry (1869-1949)', in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 76, 1990) and Botany. Notable publications include several volumes in the series of the Archaeological Survey of Egypt, two volumes in the Catalogue Général of the Cairo Museum and Scarabs (1906).

On 12 February 1907, Newberry married Essie Winifred Johnston (1878-1953). There were no children of the marriage. Although largely undocumented, Newberry was previously married from 1894 to Helena Aders, whom he divorced in 1904.

Professional photographers. Founded in Florence in 1852.

Czech Egyptologist. Born, Plzeň 1898. Died, Oxford 1970.
Son of Antonín Černý (1861-?) and Anna Černá, née Navrátilová (1866-?). Educated at elementary school (1904-1909) and state grammar school (gymnasium) in Plzeň (1909-1917). Studied at Charles University, Prague (1917-1922, matriculated for winter semester 1917/1918, doctoral degree awarded 1922 (see https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/archiv/public/book/bo/1542020090975492/147/?lang=en). Employed as clerk in the Živnobanka central branch in Prague (1919-1927). Associated with the IFAO from 1925 as visiting scholar, later member of expedition to Deir el-Medina. Awarded scholarship to study hieratic ostraca in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Sponsored by T. G. Masaryk, P. Petschek and Orientální ústav, Prague. Secretary of the Orientální ústav from 1929. Worked with Sir A. Gardiner on ostraca from different European collections as well as on hieratic papyri. Formal contract with Gardiner from 1934. Lecturer in Egyptology, Charles University, Prague, 1929-46. Worked in Sinai in the 1930s, resulting in his new edition of Gardiner and Peet, The Inscriptions of Sinai. Excavated at Deir el-Medîna, 1925-1970. Worked as epigrapher in Abydos with A. Calverley and M. Broome.
Affiliated to the Czechoslovak legation in Cairo from 1942, in diplomatic service of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile (London) until 1945.
Appointed Edwards Professor of Egyptology, University College London, 1946-51. Professor of Egyptology, Oxford, 1951-65 (Emeritus, 1965-70). Worked in Nubia recording temple inscriptions at Amada, Gebel el-Shems, and Abû Simbel during the UNESCO campaign.
Initiated and co-organised topographical and epigraphic mapping on the Theban mountain as part of the UNESCO and CEDAE campaign.
Published extensively in the field of Egyptology including publications on palaeography, Ramesside period, social history, religion, and late New Kingdom hieratic inscriptions.
Married Marie Sargant née Hloušková (1899-1991).

British Coptologist. Born, Leicester 1965. Died, Cambridge 2003. Studied Classics, then Egyptology at St John's College Cambridge. Then University College London, D. Phil., 1996. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow, Christ's College, Cambridge, 1998-2003.

British Coptologist. Born, Capelrig, Renfrewshire 1865. Died, Bath 1944. Educated, Eton, 1879, then Balliol College, Oxford, BA 1888. Became interested in Egyptology whilst an undergraduate, and went to study hieroglyphs, ancient Egyptian and Coptic with W. N. Groff in Paris, then with A. Erman in Berlin. Hon. PhD. Berlin. Went on to specialise in Coptic, eventually becoming the most eminent scholar in his field. He is most renowned for his Coptic Dictionary which he started work on in 1892. He visited many museums and libraries compiling all available material. The Dictionary was published in six volumes between 1929-39. In recognition of his contribution to the subject, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1931, awarded D. Litt., Oxford, 1937, Volume 25 (1939) of the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology was dedicated to him, and the Byzantine Institute of Boston published a volume in his honour. He published extensively in his chosen field.

American attorney and Egyptologist. Born, Baltimore, MD 1865. Died, Woodbrook, MD 1918. Educated Lafayette College and John Hopkins University, 1896-1903. Went to Egypt on several occasions between 1895 and 1907. Worked with the Hearst Expedition of the University of California at Gîza in 1903-4 and as a volunteer assistant to E. Naville at Deir el-Bahri. Published several popular books about his travels.

Swiss Egyptologist. Born, Fribourg 1878. Died, 1929. Lecturer at Fribourg University, Switzerland 1923; Professor 1927. Constributed significantly to the study of Coptic etymologies and published articles on this subject in various journals.

British Assyriologist (28 January 1911 - 11 January 2001). Shillito Reader in Assyriology, Oxford University, 1945-78; made Professor in 1965. Scholar of both Akkadian and Hittite. In 1948, he joined the council of management of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and maintained his links with the Institute for the rest of his life, serving as President from 1982. From 1956 to 1996 he edited the Institute's journal, Anatolian Studies.

Surgeon and pharmacologist. Born, West Deeping, Lincs 1888. Died, London 1951. Educated at Winchester and New College Oxford; BA, 1911, MA, 1914. Then trained at University College Hospital. He served in the R.A.M.C. and the R.N.V.R. during the 1914-18 war, before returning to Oxford to complete his studies in pharmacology. In 1922 Heathcote was appointed as the first holder of the chair of pharmacology at the University of Cairo, a post he held until 1933. During his time in Egypt he travelled extensively, forming a notable collection of photographs of Egyptian antiquities. On his return to Britain he took up a post at the Welsh National School of Medicine at Cardiff, eventually becoming Professor of Pharmacology, a post he held until his death.

Irish Egyptologist, Assyriologist, and clergyman. Born, Cork 1792. Died, Killyleagh 1866. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Hebrew. BA, 1812. Jnr. Fellow, 1813. MA, 1817. Ordained priest, 1817. BD, 1823. DD, 1829. Rector of Ardtrea, 1819-25. Rector of Killyleagh, 1825-66. Contributed considerably to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Babylonian cuneiform. Published many articles and books, including a Hebrew dictionary.

French architect. Born, Versailles 1801. Died, Paris 1872. Trained at École des Beaux-Arts, 1819-22. Worked on the plates for Cailliaud's publication Voyage à Meroé (1826-7). Visited Egypt and Nubia, 1839. Made mainly architectural drawings and paintings during his time there, some of which were reproduced in his Panorama d'Égypte et de Nubie (1841). Treasurer of the Société Asiatique, 1842. Horeau resumed his architectural career working in Paris and London. He won the best design for the Crystal Palace project in London, which in the event was not realised.

British chemist. Born, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 1867. Died, Luxor 1945. Educated, School of Mines, London, and the Royal College of Science. Worked for the British Government as an assistant chemist, until ill health prompted a move to Egypt. There he was engaged as an assistant chemist to the Government Salt Department, 1898. He initially managed the Survey Department and Assay Office laboratories, he was then appointed Chemist for the Antiquities Service, 1923-32. Honorary Consulting Chemist, 1932-45. He was able to put his expertise in cleaning, consolidating, and conserving antiquities to good use when he was lent by the Antiquities Service to H. Carter during the excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun. He also worked at Tanis with P. M. Montet. Published many books about his work in this field.

Australian Egyptologist. B.A. Sydney, 1958. Postgraduate Diploma, London, 1962 Ph.D. Cambridge, 1969. William Fox Albright Lecturer, 1993; Guggenheim Fellowship,1982-1983. Currently Lila Acheson Wallace Professor of Ancient Egyptian Art, Institute of Fine Arts, New York. Specialist on Ancient Egyptian art history and archaeology. Published books on Ancient Egyptian kingship and Nubia.

British Egyptologist. Born, Charlton 1853. Died, Jerusalem 1942. Not formally educated, was first introduced to ancient Egypt after reading Piazzi Smyth's publication of the Great Pyramid. Began his archaeological career excavating and surveying prehistoric sites in Britain, which included a survey of Stonehenge with his father William Petrie. Surveyed the Pyramids, 1880-2. Excavated sites for the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1884-6 and 1896-1905. From 1887 he led his own excavations with the financial support of several patrons. Founded Egypt Research Account, 1894, which then became the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Appointed the first Edwards Professor (the first chair in Egyptology in Britain) at University College London, 1892-1933. Emeritus Professor, 1933-42. Married Hilda Urlin, 1897. Pioneered archaeology in the Near East, excavating many important monuments. Developed the method of sequence dating based on pottery analysis. The Petrie Museum, University College London, was formed from his own substantial private collection which was bought from him in 1913 by public subscription. A prolific author, he published a huge number of archaeological reports, monographs, articles, and reviews.

German Egyptologist. Born, Frankfurt 1892. Died, Munich 1950. Educated Halle and Berlin. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Egyptology, Munich, 1923. Professor, 1932-50. Initially specialized in literary, religious, and philosophical texts, but later focussed more on the Predynastic period and archaeology. His most important contribution to the subject was his work on Egyptian chronology and his alignment with Western Asia's. Published extensively.

Architect. Born, Berlin 1907. Died, London 1985. Son of painter Arthur Segal. Won a scholarship to study architecture at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, then Zürich, 1929-32. During this time he also became interested in joinery. His first commission, a small timber-framed house in Ascona, was for his father's patron, Bernhard Meyer, 1932. Worked as an archaeological surveyor in Egypt, whilst there began a study of furniture, focussing on the chairs and footstools from the tomb of Tutankhamun, 1935. Moved to London in 1936 to continue his studies at the British Museum. He then worked for interior and furniture designers, and for the Ministry of Supply during the War. Founded his own architectural practice, pioneering the design of inexpensive, self build, timber framed housing. He taught at the Architectural Association, 1944-8. Banister Fletcher Professor, Bartlett School of Architecture, University College, London, 1973. Taught at the Thames Polytechnic, 1976 onwards.

British artist and designer. Born, Ilkley 1882. Died, High Wycombe 1953. Educated at Bradford Technical College and then the Royal College of Art. Chief textile designer, Lister and Co., Bradford. Moved to Cairo in 1911 to take up a post teaching at the Department of Art and Crafts in the Egyptian Ministry of Education, and was later the Principal of the School of Arts and Crafts. Worked for G. A. Reisner, reconstructing some of the furniture of Queen Hetepheres found at Gîza. In 1930 he was appointed Supervisor of Technical Education to the Palestine Government, and then later Controller of Light Industries. Retired 1947.

British antiquarian and astronomer. Born, London 1797. Died, London 1874. Interested in Egyptology from a young age. Pioneered techniques using rubbings and impressions for recording monuments. Associate of Dr John Lee, whose collection was recorded by Williams. FSA. FRAS. Assistant Secretary, Royal Asiatic Society, 1848-74. Member of the Chronological Institute. Also studied and published in Chinese studies.

British New Testament and Gnostics scholar. Born, Gourock 1916. Died, Dundee 2010. Educated, Greenock Academy and Royal High School, Edinburgh. Awarded MA in Classics at Edinburgh University, followed by a degree in divinity with distinction in New Testament. Specialized in the origins of Gnosticism at Cambridge, PhD, 1945. Appointed minister at Strathaven, Lanarkshire, 1946. Lecturer in New Testament Language and Literature, University of St Andrews, 1954. Awarded personal chair, and then the University Chair of Biblical Criticism, 1978. President then secretary of the Society for New Testament Studies. Edited New Testament Studies.

British Egyptologist; he was born in Dawlish, S. Devon, 30 Jan. 1883, son of the Revd James Henry Blackman and Anne Mary Jacob; he was educated at St. Paul's School and The Queen's College, Oxford, where he read Arabic, and Egyptian and Coptic under Griffith; he graduated in Oriental Studies, 1906; he spent the next few years working in Nubia, and acted as one of Reisner's assistants on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1907-8; he was a member of the excavation team and published the inscriptions for the University of Pennsylvania expedition at Buhen, Wadi Haifa, 1909¬10; he now performed the enormous task of completely recording the temples of Biga, Dendur, and Derr, 1911¬15, and also began work on a fourth, Gerf Hussein, but had to desist owing to an attack of typhoid; he was elected Oxford Nubian Research Fellow and joined Griffith's staff at Faras; in 1912 he was elected Laycock Fellow of Egyptology at Worcester College, Oxford; MA, DLitt., FBA; after 1918 he assisted Griffith in teaching Egyptian at Oxford; he was appointed Brunner Professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, 1934¬48; Emeritus Professor at Liverpool, 1948-56; he was also special Lecturer in Egyptology in the University of Manchester, 1936-48; he was a member of the EES Committee for many years, and a member of the council of the Royal Asiatic Soc., 1922-35; joint editor of the Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology; for the EES Blackman recorded the complete series of tombs at Meir in Middle Egypt, producing six vols., working at this site 1912-14, 1921, and 1949-50; in 1936 he visited Berlin in order to collate the Middle Egyptian papyri intended for his Middle Egyptian Stories; at this period he also directed the EES excavations at Sesebi, 1936-7, and was invited to act as tutor to the Crown Prince of Ethiopia, 1937-9; he combined the ability of a field worker and a great archaeological interest with a remarkable philological insight which was particularly apparent in his work on Ptolemaic texts; but his speciality was Egyptian Religion, a subject on which he wrote many studies and articles; his list of works is a long one; the following may be cited, The Temple of Dendar, 1911; The Temple of Derr, 1913; The Temple of Bigeh, 1915; The Rock Tombs of Meir, 6 vols. 1914-53; Luxor and its Temples, 1923; The Psalms in the Light of Egyptian Research, in The Psalmists, 1926; Middle-Egyptian Stories, pt. I of Bibl. Aeg 1932; Egyptian Myth and Ritual 1932; The Value of Egyptology in the Modern World, 1935; he also contributed important studies to Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, and articles to JEA and other journals; his letters from Egypt are preserved in the archives of the University of Liverpool; he died in Abergele, N. Wales, 9 March 1956.

First (of four) daughter of Thomas Morton Duckett (1852-1922) and Sarah Annie Williams (1854-1922). She was born in Folkestone, Kent on 31 December 1875. She married Alexander Bell Filson Young in 1902, whom she divorced five years later. In 1914 she married the British archaeologist and photographer Harry Burton (1879-1940). Neither Harry nor Minnie had children from either of their marriages. She died in Florence (Italy) on 30 May 1957. Her grave is located in the Allori Cemetery, where her parents are also buried.